Therefore, we cannot comment on whether or not he made the best decisions on his cancer treatment, nor can we comment on whether he would have had different outcomes had he chosen a different treatment approach. However, the details of Jobs’ diagnosis and specific treatments received, both conventional and unconventional, have not been made public. There has been widespread speculation about whether Jobs’ decision to use CAM approaches hastened his death by postponing initiation of potentially life-prolonging conventional treatments ( Grady, 2011). After a delay of nine months after diagnosis, in 2004, Jobs opted for surgery.

However, what many journalists failed to note is that the evidence supporting any specific conventional treatment approach (surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy) for GEP-NETs comprises a slim literature, and the evidence base for use of CAM therapeutic approaches for GEP-NETs is virtually non-existent. This was chronicled in his biography and corroborated via interviews with his friends and colleagues ( Isaacson, 2011). Many journalists mentioned and even focused on Jobs’ initial decision to forego conventional treatments and instead use complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies, including acupuncture, botanicals, and dietary changes ( Grady, 2011). In the face of medical uncertainty at the time of his diagnosis, Jobs still had to make a decision on how to proceed. There are limited clinical trial data on GEP-NETs and highly effective chemotherapy agents to treat GEP-NETs have not been identified. GEP-NETs are slow growing tumors that have the potential to be cured surgically if the tumor is removed prior to metastasis. Jobs was diagnosed with a rare form of pancreatic cancer, called an islet cell tumor or gasteroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (GEP-NET), which is a different form of pancreatic cancer than the highly aggressive and often rapidly fatal pancreatic adenocarcinoma. At the time of his diagnosis in 2003, Jobs did what most cancer patients do: he made a decision on how to approach his treatment based on the best evidence available to him at the time. Jobs was one of two founders of Apple computers and is credited for revolutionizing personal computing. The untimely death of Steve Jobs from pancreatic cancer at the age of 56 in October 2011 was highly publicized ( Kane and Fowler, 2011 Markoff, 2011).

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